Swift笔记 - 10.自定义错误、try?、try!、rethrows、defer、泛型、关联类

Swift笔记 - 10.自定义错误、try?、try!、rethrows、defer、泛型、关联类型、类型约束、可选项本质

自定义错误

func divide(_ num1: Int, _ num2: Int) throws->Int {
    if num2 == 0 {
        throw SomeError.illegalArg("0不能作为除数")
    }
    return num1 / num2
}
var result = try divide(20, 10)

使用do-cath捕捉Error

func test() {
    print("1")
    do {
        print("2")
        print(try divide(20, 0))
        print("3")
    } catch let SomeError.illegalArg(msg) {
        print("参数异常:", msg)
    } catch let SomeError.outofBounds(size, index) {
        print("下标越界:", "size=\(size)", "index=\(index)")
    } catch SomeError.outOfMemory {
        print("内存溢出")
    } catch {
        print("其他错误")
    }
    print("4")
}

test()
// 1
// 2
//参数异常:0不能作为除数
//4

处理Error

func test() throws {
    print("1")
    print(try divide(20, 0))
    print("2")
}
try test()
// 1
// Fatal error: Error raised at top level

do {
    print(try divide(20, 0))
} catch is SomeError {
    print("SomeError")
}

func test() throws {
    print("1")
    do {
        print ("2")
        print(try divide(20, 0))
        print("3")
    } catch let error as SomeError {
        print(error)
    }
    print("4")
}
try test()
// 1
// 2
//illegalArg("0不能作为除数…)
//4

try?、try!

func test() {
    print("1")
    var result1 = try? divide(20, 10) // Optional (2), Int?
    var result = try? divide(20, 0) // nil
    var result3 = try! divide(20, 10) // 2, Int
    print("2")
}
test()
var a = try? divide(20, 0)
var b: Int?
do {
    b = try divide(20, 0)
} catch {}

rethrows

defer做收尾工作

func open(_ filename: String) -> Int {
    print ("open")
    return 0
}
func close( file: Int) {
    print("close")
}

func processFile(_ filename: String) throws {
    let file = open(filename)
    defer {
        close(file)
    }
    // tAfile
    //...
    try divide(20, 0)
    //close将会在这里调用
}
try processFile("test.txt")
// open
// close
// Fatal error: Error raised at top level

泛型

func swapValues<T>(_ a: inout T, b: inout T){
    (a, b) = (b, a)
}

var i1 = 10
var i2 = 20
swapValues(&i1, &i2)
var d1 = 10.0
var d2 = 20.0
swapValues(&d1, &d2)
struct Date {
    var year = 0, month = 0, day = 0
}
var dd1 = Date(year: 2011, month: 9, day: 10)
var dd2 = Date(year: 2012, month: 10, day: 11)
swapValues(&dd1, &dd2)
func test<T1, T2>(_ t1: T1, _ t2: T2)()
var fn: (Int, Double) -> () = test

关联类型

protocol Stackable {
    associatedtype Element //关联类型
    mutating func push(_ element: Element)
    mutating func pop() -> Element
    func top() -> Element
    func size() -> Int
}

class Stack<E> : Stackable {
// typealias Element = E
    var elements = [E](https://luowei.github.io/list/)
    func push(_ element: E) { elements.append(element) }
    func pop() -> E { elements.removeLast() }
    func top() -> E { elements.last! }
    func size() -> Int { elements.count }
}

class Stringstack: Stackable {
    //给关联类型设定真实类型
    // typealias Element = String
    var elements = [String](https://luowei.github.io/list/)
    func push(_ element: String) { elements.append(element) }
    func pop() -> String { elements.removeLast() }
    func top() -> String { elements.last! }
    func size() -> Int { elements.count  }
}
var ss = StringStack()
ss.push("Jack")
ss.push("Rose")

类型约束

protocol Runnable { }
class Person { }
func swapValues<T: Person & Runnable>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T) {
    (a, b) = (b, a)
}

protocol Stackable {
    associatedtype Element: Equatable
}
class Stack<E: Equatable>: Stackable {}

func equal<S1: Stackable, S2: Stackable>(_ s1: S1, _ S2: S2) -> Bool
        where S1.Element == S2.Element, S1.Element: Hashable {
    return false
}

var stack1 = Stack<Int>()
var stack2 = Stack<String>()
// error: requires the types 'Int' and 'String' be equivalent
equal(stack1, stack2)

协议中有关联类型 - 注意点

protocol Runnable {}
class Person : Runnable {}
class Car : Runnable {}
func get (_ type: Int) -> Runnable {
    if type == 0 {
        return Person()
    }
    return Car()
}
var r1 = get(0)
var r2 = get(1)
protocol Runnable {
    associatedtype Speed
    var speed: Speed { get }
}
class Person: Runnable {
    var speed: Double { 0.0 }
}
class Car: Runnable {
    var speed: Int{ 0 }
}

两种解决方案: 1.泛型解决;2.不透明类型(some关键字)

func get<T : Runnable> (_ type: Int) -> T {
    if type == 0 {
        return Person() as! T
    }
    return Car() as! T
}

func get (_ type: Int) -> some Runnable {
    return Car()
}
protocol Runnable { associatedtype Speed }
class Dog: Runnable { typealias Speed = Double }
class Person {
    var pet: some Runnable {
        return Dog()
    }
}

可选项的本质

public enum Optional<Wrapped> : ExpressibleByNilLiteral {
    case none
    case some (Wrapped)
    public init(_ some: Wrapped)
}

var age: Int? = 10
var age0: Optional<Int> = Optional<Int>.some(10)
var age1: Optional = .some(10)
var age2 = Optional.some (10)
var age3 = Optional(10)
age = nil
age3 = .none
var age: Int? = nil
var age0 = Optional<Int>.none
var age1: Optional<Int> =.none
var age: Int? = .none
age = 10
age = .some(20)
age = nil
switch age {
case let v?:
    print("some", v)
case nil:
    print("none")
}
switch age {
case let .some(v):
    print ("some", v)
case .none:
    print ("none")
}
var age_: Int? = 10
var age: Int?? = age_
age = nil

var age0 = Optional.some(Optional.some(10))
age0 = . none
var age1: Optional<Optional> = .some(.some(10))
age1 = .none
var age: Int?? = 10
var age0: Optional<Optional> = 10

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